東京慈恵会医科大学
医学部 英語
2024年度 解答・解説

• 3つの英文は，すべてTMPS医学館のオリジナルです（人物・大学・団体・数値は架空）。本番の英文より短く作ってあります。
• 選択肢は番号（1〜4）で答える。語数・行数の指定がある問題は，指定を守ること。

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.

If you have ever spent an evening outside with friends and come home with twenty bites while they had none, you are not imagining things. Mosquitoes really do prefer some people to others, which raises a question: why are some of us so much more attractive to them?

Mosquitoes find their targets with several senses at once. From a distance of about thirty metres, they follow the carbon dioxide that every person breathes out. Closer in, they respond to body heat and to the chemicals on the skin, a mixture of smells that is ( A ) partly by the bacteria living there. "Each of us carries a chemical signature as individual as a voice," said Dr. Iris Calder, an entomologist at the Brandt Institute. "Mosquitoes can hear it from across the garden."

In a laboratory test published in 2019, 64 volunteers each held a hand in a cage of mosquitoes for two minutes. The insects landed on some hands within seconds but ( B ) others almost entirely. The researchers then tested pairs of twins. Identical twins, who share all of their genes, gave much more similar results than fraternal twins, who share only about half. This suggests that ( C ) plays a part in who gets bitten.

Other studies point to behaviour. People who have just exercised, who are pregnant, or who have been drinking beer seem to be bitten more often, perhaps because they give off more heat and carbon dioxide. Dark clothing may also help mosquitoes find a target from a distance.

Calder does not find any single explanation ( D ), though. "Every study looks at a small group of people, and the numbers differ from one study to the next," she said. These studies showed that certain traits and bites go together, but they did not prove a ( E ) relationship: a trait that is common among people who are bitten may not be what attracts the mosquitoes.

For now, Calder's advice is simple. Wear long sleeves in the evening, use a repellent, and remove standing water near the house, where mosquitoes lay their eggs. "We cannot change our genes," she said, "but we can change how many mosquitoes find us."

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.

For hundreds of years, sailors on long voyages suffered from scurvy, a disease that made their gums bleed and their old wounds open again. Captains and doctors blamed damp air, laziness, or poor food, and many believed that the disease was ( A ) by the sea air itself. On some voyages, more than half of the crew died before they reached home.

In 1750, a ship's surgeon named Thomas Wrenfield decided to test the cures that were being recommended. He chose twelve sailors with scurvy, kept them in the same part of the ship, and gave them all the same basic meals. He then divided them into six pairs. Each pair received a different treatment: cider, vinegar, seawater, a spicy paste, a sour medicine, or two oranges and a lemon every day. Within a week, the pair who ate the fruit were nearly well, while the others had not improved.

The result seemed clear, but it did not ( B ) the question. Wrenfield could not say what the fruit contained, and no one could say which ( C ) in it was responsible. Without an explanation, many doctors thought the result was a lucky accident, and some argued that the fruit had simply made the sailors feel better.

The navy was slow to act. When it finally added lemon juice to every sailor's daily ration in 1795, much of the juice was boiled to keep it from spoiling, and the heat destroyed much of its power. Because the results were ( D ), some officers lost faith in fruit, and the old argument returned.

The mystery was solved only in the twentieth century. In 1907, two scientists fed guinea pigs nothing but grain, and the animals developed scurvy, while those given fresh cabbage stayed healthy. Chemists later isolated the substance, now called vitamin C. Doctors now know that the human body cannot ( E ) vitamin C by itself and must take it in through food.

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.

The most important place to take control of your learning is not the lecture hall but the way you use your own time at university. Yet many first-year students do the opposite: they wait to be told what to read, what to write, and when to ask for help. You should not be passive. Take an active interest in everything that is offered to you. If you do not understand a lecture, ask the teacher to explain it again. It is not rude to ask why a book is on a reading list if it makes little sense to you. You are not at university to follow tradition; you are there to find out everything you can to help yourself grow.

Be especially careful with your schedule, and insist on enough sleep. A tired mind cannot study well, and your brain is already working hard to learn; it does not need the extra weight of ( A ) fatigue.

Do as much as you can for yourself. If there is any way to use the library, the writing centre, or the tutors to help your study, the more you use them, the better your results will be. The habit of waiting for others to solve your problems is your enemy. Think as much as possible about what you can do, and as little as possible about how you feel. Avoid ( B ), because if others see that your worry is controlling you, it will be hard to stop choosing more worry. The key again: keep as much control as you can.

When the term ends, make a study plan with your adviser and follow it. Question the value of any optional course that is recommended to you, and do not sign up just because everyone else does. But if you are convinced that the course has ( C ) to support its value, take it faithfully for as long as you need it.

To be successful is very different from being busy. A successful learner feels curious, alert, and rested, looks forward to a challenge, and notices that time passes quickly rather than dragging. Only you can judge your own progress. Teachers can only tell you that your marks are acceptable, ( D ). To learn well, you must have good control of your time, and to help you keep this control, it is important to have a regular quiet time each day, which I would call a reset time. It does not matter what you do: a walk, a cup of tea, a chat with a friend, or a short game of badminton can be very relaxing. But whatever it is, for at least thirty minutes each day you should X.

Choose the most appropriate option from the ones given below and write the number in the space on the answer sheet.